C++ classes: 01 侯捷C++11

1. 演进、环境与资源

• Head files
  • C++ 标准库head files不带(.h)，如 #include
  • 新式C head files不带(.h)，如 #include
  • 旧式C head files带(.h)仍可用，如 #include
  • E.g. #include #include #include #include #include #include #include
    • 上述所有标准库内的函数均在std namespace下：
      • using namespace std;
      • std::xxxx;
    • Many of TR1 (2003) features existed in the secondary namespace of std::tr1, now are part of std namespace
• Bibliography
  • https://isocpp.org/
  • https://www.stroustrup.com/
  • https://cplusplus.com/
  • https://en.cppreference.com/
  • https://gcc.gnu.org/
  • 《The C++ Standard Library》
  • 《C++ Primer》
  • 《The C++ Programming Language》
  • 《Effective Modern C++》
• Start

  • Test the cpp version of a compiler

    #include <iostream>
    
    int main()
    {
        // see the supported version of cpp new features in your compiler
        std::cout << __cplusplus << std::endl;
        return 0;
    }
    

• Subjects
  • Language

    • Variadic Templates

      #include <iostream>
      #include <bits/stdc++.h>
      
      void print() // for the boundary condition, i.e., without parameters
      {
      }
      
      template <typename T, typename... Types>
      void print(const T &firstArg, const Types&... args)
      {
          std::cout << "size of args is: " << sizeof...(args) << std::endl; // sizeof...(args) yields the number of arguments
          std::cout << firstArg << std::endl; // print first argument
          print(args...);                     // call print() for remaining arguments
      }
      
      int main()
      {
          // see the supported version of cpp new features in your compiler
          std::cout << __cplusplus << std::endl;
          print(7.5, "hello", std::bitset<32>(377), 42); // 递归调用print自己，第一个参数为firstArg，剩下的为args
          return 0;
      } * 关键字 ... 表示任意个数、任意类型的数据(包) * 方便完成recursive function call
      

    • move Semantics
    • Range-base for loop
    • Initializer list
    • Lambdas
    • …
  • Standard Library
    • type_traits
    • Unordered Container
    • forward_list
    • array
    • tuple
    • Con-currency
    • RegEx
    • …
• Others
  • inline
  • size_t
  • bitset